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The Grand Canyon today and during the Pleistocene


Modern picture of caves in Redwall Limestone containing fossil packrat middens, photo

Modern picture of caves in Redwall Limestone containing fossil packrat middens.  A desert scrub of mormon tea, blackbrush, and cactus grow at this 5000' elevation site today. A few juniper grow along the cliff tops.


Reconstructed photograph of the same site as it looked 20,000 years ago based upon
plant fossils in the packrat middens. (Increased vegetation)

Reconstructed photograph of the same site as it looked 20,000 years ago based upon plant fossils in the packrat middens.  The bottom slopes support a woodland of juniper, sagebrush, and shadscale, while Douglas fir and white fir grow in the shady alcoves of the cliffs. A few limber pine grow along the cliff tops. Occasional collapses along the cliff face cause it to move backwards at a rate of about 1½ feet every thousand years, slightly altering the appearance of the cliff between photographs.